The water poverty index for Mexico: a comparison with OECD countries

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31908/19098367.1848

Keywords:

water policies, composite index, five dimensions, principal component analysis

Abstract

Motivated by concerns about water scarcity in the world and the persistence of low rates of development and high levels of marginalization, poverty, inequality and environmental deterioration, the purpose of this research is to probe the water poverty (WP) of Mexico, by means of implementing a procedure to calculate the Water Poverty Index (WPI), ranging from 0 as maximum and 100 as least poverty, and compare it with a non-probabilistic sample of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), of which Mexico is a member. The countries included in the study are selected under the criterion of existence of the indicators chosen to estimate WP. The WPI is estimated using the composite index method, statistically balanced with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to detect the correlation between its aggregated variables to avoid double accounting. As a result of the calculation procedure, any elimination of variables was found unnecessary and the five indicators, Resources, Use, Access, Capacity, and Environment, were maintained. The estimation showed that the WPI in Mexico was the lowest (higher WP) compared to that observed in the sample of countries, in accordance with the country's lag regarding socioeconomic factors, findings that confirm the need for comprehensive attention to the water issues in order to avoid the incomplete vision that represents the sole measuring of coverage of water and sanitation services.

Author Biographies

  • María Juliana Olivas Palma, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A,C.

    Candidata a Doctora en Desarrollo Regional (2019), por el Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, México; Maestra en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Industrial (2013) por la Universidad de Sonora, México; Ingeniera Industrial en Electrónica (2005), por el Instituto Tecnológico Nacional de México, en Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Áreas de interés: Desarrollo humano, Desarrollo regional, Políticas públicas, Pobreza, Bienestar y Desigualdad, Metodologías de investigación. 

  • Mario Camberos Castro, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A,C.

    Dr. en Ciencias Económicas, por la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, México; Maestro en Ciencias Económicas por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Licenciado en Economía por la Universidad de Guadalajara, México; Investigador titular “E” en Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD),  Dpto. de Economía; Miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Nivel II; Profesor investigador emérito del CIAD, Miembro de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (AMCE); Evaluador del Consejo Nacional para la Acreditación de las Ciencias Económicas. Líneas de investigación: Política económica, Bienestar, Desigualdad, Pobreza, Mercados laborales y Evaluación de Políticas Sociales.

References

Sen A. “Capability and Wellbeing”. En: The Quality of Life. (M. Nussbaum, A. Sen Ed.). World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University. Oxford University Press, New York, EUA. pp 30-53. 1993.

Feitelson E. y Chenoweth J. “Water poverty: Towards a meaningful indicator”. Water Policy, 4(3), 263–281. 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S1366-7017(02)00029-6.

ONU. “Resolución 70/1 de la Asamblea General “Transformar nuestro mundo: la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible” A/RES/70/1, 2015. https://undocs.org/sp/A/RES/70/1 15/03/2019.

FAO. “Base de Datos Principal AQUASTAT”. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), 2016a [en línea]. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=es 20/11/2018.

Falkenmark M., Lundqvist J., y Widstrand C. “Macro‐scale water scarcity requires micro‐scale approaches: Aspects of vulnerability in semi‐arid development”. Natural resources forum, 13 (4), 258-267. 1989. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-8947. 1989.tb00348. x.

OECD. “OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050”, OECD Publishing. 2012. DOI: 10.1787/9789264122246-en.

CONAGUA. “Estadísticas del agua en México, edición 2018”. Comisión Nacional del Agua. Ciudad de México, México. 306 pp. 2018.

OECD. “Better Life Index dataset in OECD Stat”. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2019a [en línea] https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=BLI 30/04/2019.

Townsend P. “Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living”. University of California Press, 1216 pp. 1979.

Pigou A. C. “The Economics of Welfare. The Economics of Welfare”. 4a ed. Macmillan. London, UK. 550 pp. 1932.

Molle F. y Mollinga P. “Water poverty indicators: Conceptual problems and policy issues”. Water Policy, 5(5-6). 529-544. 2003.DOI:10.2166/wp.2003.0034.

Rijsberman F. “Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Agricultural Water Management”. 80 (1-3), 5-22. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001.

Lissner T., Sullivan C., Reusser D. y Kropp J. “Integrated assessments of water scarcity: knowns, unknowns and ways forward”. En: The Global Water System in the Anthropocene. (A. Bhaduri, J. Bogardi, J. Leentvaar, S. Marx Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. 59-72. 2014 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07548-8.

Marvin S. “Accessibility to utility networks: Local policy issues”. Local Government Studies, 20(12). 437–457. 1994. DOI:10.1080/03003939408433738.

Lawrence P., Meigh J. y Sullivan C. “The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison”. Keele Economics Research Papers. Keele Economics Research, 2002(19), 24 pp. 2003.

Mlote S., Sullivan C. y Meigh J. “Water poverty index: a tool for integrated water management”. 3rd WaterNet / Warfsa Symposium "Water Demand Management for Sustainable Development". Dar es Salaam, 30-31 octubre 2002. 2002.

Cho D., Ogwang T., y Opio C. “Simplifying the water poverty index”. Social indicators research, 97(2). 257-267. 2010.DOI: 10.1007/s11205-009-9501-2.

Giné-Garriga R. y Pérez-Foguet A. “Application of a revised Water Poverty Index to target the water poor”. Water Science and technology. 63(6), 1099-1110. 2011. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.347.

Pérez-Foguet A. y Gine-Garriga R. “Analyzing Water Poverty in Basins. Water Resource Management”, (7), 3595-3613. 2011.

Jemmali H. y Sullivan C.A. “Multidimensional Analysis of Water Poverty in MENA Region: An Empirical Comparison with Physical Indicators”. Social Indicators Research. 115(1), 253–277. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-012-0218-2.

Raskin P., Gleick P., Kirshen P., Pontius G. y Strzepek K. “Water futures: assessment of long-range patterns and problems”. Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world. Stockholm Environment Institute. Stockholm, Sweden. 77 pp. 1997.

Seckler D., A. “World water demand and supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and issues” (19). International Water Management Institute.Colombo, Sri Lanka. 40 pp. 1998. DOI: 10.3910/2009.019.

Vörösmarty C.J., Green P., Salisbury J. y Lammers R.B. “Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth”. Science. 289(5477), 284-288. 2000. DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5477.284.

Jemmali H. “Mapping water poverty in Africa using the improved Multidimensional Index of Water Poverty”. International journal of water resources development, 33(4), 649-666. 2017.

OMS/UNICEF “Progresos en materia de agua potable, saneamiento e higiene: informe de actualización de 2017 y línea de base de los ODS” [Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF). 2017 [En línea] https://washdata.org/data/household 21/10/2018.

PNUD “Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2016”. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. 2016 [En línea] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_SP_Overview_Web.pdf 23/10/2018.

FAO “Base de Datos FAOSTAT”. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), (2016b). [en línea]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data 20/11/2018.

Srebotnjak T., Carr G., de Sherbinin A. y Rickwood C. “A global water quality index and hotdeck imputation of missing data”. Ecological Indicators, 17(6), 108–119. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.023.

Heidecke C. “Development and Evaluation of a Regional Water Poverty Index for Benin”, EPTD discussion paper. International Food Policy Research Institute. (145), 38pp. 2006.

Fenwick C. “Identifying the water poor: An indicator approach to assessing water poverty in rural Mexico”. Tesis de doctorado. Department of civil, environmental and geomatic engineering. University College London. Londres. 270pp. 2010.

Hotelling H. “Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components”. Journal of educational psychology, 24(6), 417-441. 1933. DOI:10.1037/h0071325.

Nardo M., Saisana, M., Saltelli A., Tarantola S., Hoffman A. y Giovannini E. “Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators and User Guide”. OECD Publishing. Paris, France. 162pp. 2008. DOI: 10.1787/533411815016.

Kaiser H.F. y Rice J. “Little Jiffy, Mark IV”. Educational and psychological measurement. 34(1). 111-117. 1974 DOI: 10.1177/001316447403400115.

Bonett D. G. y Wright T. A. “Sample size requirements for estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations”. Psychometrika, 65(1), 23-28. 2000. DOI: 10.1007/BF02294183.

Sen A. “El desarrollo como libertad”. Gaceta Ecológica. 2000. [en linea] http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=53905501 29/04/2019.

Project Management Institute Inc. “PMBOK Guía de los fundamentos para la dirección de proyectos”. Project Management Institute. Pennsylvania. 569 pp. 2013.

World Bank. World International Indicators. Washingto D.C.: World Bank, 2016. DOI:10.1596/978–1-4648–0683–4.

Downloads

Published

2021-09-07

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 29 (2021)

Section

Artículos

How to Cite

The water poverty index for Mexico: a comparison with OECD countries. (2021). Entre Ciencia E ingeniería, 15(29), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.31908/19098367.1848